簡(jiǎn)訊速覽

2023年7月26日上午10:00（美國(guó)東部時(shí)間），美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過了一項(xiàng)由議員艾默（Emmer）和索托（Soto）共同提出的關(guān)鍵法案，名為“區(qū)塊鏈監(jiān)管確定性法案”（Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act）,。這項(xiàng)法案在美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)眾議院引起了廣泛的關(guān)注，并最終在金融服務(wù)委員會(huì)的引導(dǎo)下得以通過,。

法案以其準(zhǔn)確且詳細(xì)的定義和規(guī)定,，對(duì)非控制區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)者和區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù)提供者的活動(dòng)進(jìn)行了有效規(guī)范,，具有重大的法規(guī)意義。法案內(nèi)容主要分為三部分,，首先明確了法案的標(biāo)題為“區(qū)塊鏈監(jiān)管確定性法案”,，其次針對(duì)非控制區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)者和區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù)提供者提供了許可和注冊(cè)的安全港，最后是對(duì)關(guān)鍵術(shù)語如“區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)者”,、“區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)”,、“區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù)”、“控制”和“數(shù)字資產(chǎn)”等進(jìn)行了明確定義,。

本法案的重要性在于,，它明確了虛擬貨幣的法律地位，并將其正式定義為“可以由個(gè)人獨(dú)占和從人對(duì)人轉(zhuǎn)移,，而無需必要依賴于中介的任何形式的無形個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)”,，也即“數(shù)字資產(chǎn)”，為此類資產(chǎn)的監(jiān)管制定了清晰的指導(dǎo)原則,。這不僅為美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的虛擬貨幣監(jiān)管提供了一致性,，消除了之前混亂的監(jiān)管環(huán)境，而且可能對(duì)全球范圍內(nèi)的虛擬貨幣定義和監(jiān)管產(chǎn)生積極影響,。

通過這一法案，美國(guó)為全球其他國(guó)家和地區(qū)提供了一個(gè)模板,，對(duì)于如何規(guī)范虛擬貨幣以及基于區(qū)塊鏈的服務(wù)和開發(fā)活動(dòng)提供了參考,。這對(duì)于提升虛擬貨幣的公眾認(rèn)知，增強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)透明度,，以及推動(dòng)虛擬貨幣行業(yè)的健康發(fā)展都有著重要的意義,。

數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)法律圈第一時(shí)間對(duì)法案原文進(jìn)行了如下翻譯并附上英文版原文：

“區(qū)塊鏈監(jiān)管確定性法案”翻譯

美國(guó)眾議院第1747號(hào)法案

目的：為某些不具備控制權(quán)的區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)者和區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù)提供商提供免于許可和注冊(cè)的保護(hù)

地點(diǎn)：美國(guó)眾議院

艾默先生（代表他自己和索托先生）提出了以下法案，該法案已提交給金融服務(wù)委員會(huì)審議

法案內(nèi)容：為某些不具備控制權(quán)的區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)者和區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù)提供商提供免于許可和注冊(cè)的保護(hù)

由美國(guó)參議院和眾議院在國(guó)會(huì)集會(huì)中制定

第一部分 法案簡(jiǎn)稱

本法案可被稱為“區(qū)塊鏈監(jiān)管確定性法案”

第二部分 針對(duì)非控制區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)者和區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù)提供商的保護(hù)措施

(一) 針對(duì)非控制區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù)和軟件開發(fā)者的保護(hù)

除非開發(fā)者或提供者在日常業(yè)務(wù)中對(duì)用戶在區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù)或區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)者創(chuàng)建,、維護(hù)或傳播的軟件下有權(quán)的數(shù)字資產(chǎn)有控制權(quán),，否則不應(yīng)將任何區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)者或區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù)提供者視為貨幣轉(zhuǎn)移者（如州許可法所定義）、金融機(jī)構(gòu)（如第31章5312節(jié)美國(guó)法典所定義）或任何其他需要許可或注冊(cè)才能作為區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)者或區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù)提供者的州或聯(lián)邦法律指定,。

(二)對(duì)其他法律的影響

1.知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法

本節(jié)的任何內(nèi)容均不得被解釋為限制或擴(kuò)大任何關(guān)于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的法律,。

2.州法

本節(jié)的任何內(nèi)容均不得被解釋為阻止任何州執(zhí)行與本節(jié)一致的州法,。不得根據(jù)與本節(jié)不一致的任何州或地方法律提起訴訟或施加責(zé)任。

3.本節(jié)中的定義

(1) 區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)者,。指的是創(chuàng)建,、維護(hù)或傳播促進(jìn)創(chuàng)建或維護(hù)區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)或區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù)的軟件的任何人或企業(yè)。

(2) 區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò),。指的是一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),，該系統(tǒng)合作達(dá)成對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)程序狀態(tài)的共識(shí)，并允許用戶參與達(dá)成共識(shí)的過程,，無需許可專有軟件或獲得其他用戶的許可,。該術(shù)語特指一種公共計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)合作達(dá)成對(duì)描述數(shù)字資產(chǎn)交易的分布式賬本狀態(tài)的共識(shí),。

(3) 區(qū)塊鏈服務(wù),。指的是任何信息、交易或計(jì)算服務(wù)或系統(tǒng),，該服務(wù)或系統(tǒng)為多個(gè)用戶提供或啟用訪問區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)的能力,，特別是一種服務(wù)或系統(tǒng)，該服務(wù)或系統(tǒng)使用戶能夠發(fā)送,、接收,、交換或存儲(chǔ)由區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)描述的數(shù)字資產(chǎn)。

(4) 控制,。指的是法定權(quán)利,、權(quán)威或能力，可以根據(jù)需求獲取足夠的數(shù)據(jù)來發(fā)起花費(fèi)一定數(shù)量數(shù)字資產(chǎn)的交易,。

(5) 數(shù)字資產(chǎn),。指的是任何形式的無形個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)，可以在人與人之間獨(dú)占地轉(zhuǎn)移,，無需必要地依賴中介,。

法案原文

H. R. 1747

To provide a safe harbor from licensing and registration for certain non-controlling blockchain developers and providers of blockchain services.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Mr. Emmer (for himself and Mr. Soto) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Financial Services

A BILL

To provide a safe harbor from licensing and registration for certain non-controlling blockchain developers and providers of blockchain services.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the “Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act”.

SEC. 2. SAFE HARBOR FOR NON-CONTROLLING BLOCKCHAIN DEVELOPERS AND PROVIDERS OF BLOCKCHAIN SERVICES.

(a) Protection For Non-Controlling Blockchain Services And Software Developers.—No blockchain developer or provider of a blockchain service shall be treated as a money transmitter (as defined under State licensing laws), a financial institution (as defined under section 5312 of title 31, United States Code), or any other State or Federal legal designation requiring licensing or registration as a condition to acting as a blockchain developer or provider of a blockchain service, unless the developer or provider has, in the regular course of business, control over digital assets to which a user is entitled under the blockchain service or the software created, maintained, or disseminated by the blockchain developer.

(b) Effect On Other Laws.—

(1) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit or expand any law pertaining to intellectual property.

(2) STATE LAW.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent any State from enforcing any State law that is consistent with this section. No cause of action may be brought and no liability may be imposed under any State or local law that is inconsistent with this section.

(c) Definitions.—As used in this section:

(1) BLOCKCHAIN DEVELOPER.—The term “blockchain developer” means any person or business that creates, maintains, or disseminates software facilitating the creation or maintenance of a blockchain network or a blockchain service.

(2) BLOCKCHAIN NETWORK.—The term “blockchain network” means any system of networked computers that cooperates to reach consensus over the state of a computer program and allows users to participate in the consensus-making process without the need to license proprietary software or obtain permission from any other user. The term includes, specifically, a public network of computers that cooperates to reach consensus over the state of a distributed ledger describing transactions in a digital asset.

(3) BLOCKCHAIN SERVICE.—The term “blockchain service” means any information, transaction, or computing service or system that provides or enables access to a blockchain network by multiple users, including specifically a service or system that enables users to send, receive, exchange, or store digital assets described by blockchain networks.

(4) CONTROL.—The term “control” means the legal right, authority, or ability to obtain upon demand data sufficient to initiate transactions spending an amount of digital assets.

(5) DIGITAL ASSET.—The term “digital asset” means any form of intangible personal property that can be exclusively possessed and transferred person to person without necessary reliance on an intermediary.